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The term ‘metabolic syndrome’ (MetS) encompasses a group of factors, such as abdominal obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance, that together increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

EDCs are synthetic chemical substances that are so named because of their ability to interfere with the normal functioning of our hormonal system, and whose exposure, given their ubiquity in our environment, is difficult to escape. Previous studies have already shown a link between individual exposure to some of these chemicals during the prenatal phase, and some of the factors that make up the metabolic syndrome, particularly obesity and blood pressure. This time, as part of the ATHLETE project, the team set out to assess the combined impact of these substances on all metabolic syndrome factors.

The study involved 1,134 mothers and their children from six European countries (Spain, France, Greece, Lithuania, Norway, and the United Kingdom), all volunteers from the HELIX (Human Early Life Exposome) research project’s cohort. Prenatal exposure to a total of 45 endocrine disruptors was analysed through blood and urine samples collected from the mothers during pregnancy or from the umbilical cord after birth.

When the children were between 6 and 11 years old, researchers followed up with additional tests, including a clinical examination, an interview, and a collection of biological samples. This yielded data on waist circumference, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin levels, which were aggregated to obtain a risk index for metabolic syndrome.

Mercury, PFAS, organochlorine pesticides and PBDEs

Statistical analysis showed that mixtures of metals, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), organochlorine pesticides and flame retardants (or PBDEs) were associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome. In the case of metals, the association observed was mainly due to the effect of mercury, the main source of which is the intake of large fish.

PFAS chemicals are one of the most widely used families of chemical compounds, found in pesticides, paints, non-stick pans or fast-food packaging, among many other common uses. Because of their persistence, they are also known as ‘forever chemicals’. Also very persistent are organochlorine pesticides, which were already banned in Europe in the 1970s, but to which we are still widely exposed due to their permanence in the environment.

Different results according to sex

“We observed that associations were stronger in girls for mixtures of PFAS and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), while boys were more susceptible to exposure to parabens. Since endocrine disruptors interfere with sex steroid hormones, these differences fall within what would be expected”, explains Nuria Güil Oumrait, ISGlobal researcher and first author of the study.

“Our results suggest that exposure to widespread mixtures of endocrine disruptors during pregnancy may be associated with adverse metabolic health in both boys and girls. This association may contribute to the current increase in the prevalence of lifetime metabolic syndrome, which currently affects one fourth of the adult population, with upward trends evident even among young people”, concludes Martine Vrijheid, ATHLETE project coordinator and senior author of the study.

Reference

Güil-Oumrait N, Stratakis N, Maitre L, Anguita A, Urquiza J, Fabbri L, Basagaña X, Heude B, Småstuen Haug L, Kaur Sakhi A, Iszatt N, Keun H.C, Wright J, Chatzi L, Vafeiadi M, Bustamante M, Grazuleviciene R, Andrušaitytė S, Slama R, McEachan R, Casas M, Vrijheid M. (2024) Prenatal Exposure to Chemical Mixtures and Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Children. Jama Network Open 7(5).